Short And Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve Economics Essay

Short And Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve Economics Essay Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level within a specified time period. It is represented by the aggregate supply curve during a given time period that shows the total supply of goods and services that the firms are willing to offer to the economy during a specified time period at a given overall price levels. Normally, there exists a positive relationship between the aggregate supply level and the price levels upon which that annual supply curve has been made. Aggregate supply function of the economy is also referred to as total supply of the economy as shows the total supply of goods and services that the firms are willing to supply at given price levels. It also shows the capacity of the firms of the economy and the fact that the firms can supply the economy with the appropriate level of goods and services in order to satisfy the demands of the economy. Aggregate supply curves are made on the basis of long and short term which depicts the total supply function of the firms of the economy both in the long term and in the short term for the economy. There can be some shifts in the aggregate supply curve for the economy which can be attributed to number of different factors and variables affecting the economy. These factors can be many some of which may be the change in the size and quality of labor, the mere fact that the labor size has changed that is more and more labor is available to the firms for the production of their goods and services or that the labor which is already available to the economy has gained more and more skills due to which it has become easier to produce more for the economy. Other factors can be the change in technology or it can be said that the technological innovations can cause a shift in the aggregate supply curve of the economy.   Increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in produce r taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation can also be some of the driving factors in the shifting of the aggregate supply curve for the economy. Different schools of thoughts have different views of economics and therefore they have different approaches towards the determining of aggregate supply of the economy that is to be made to the economy. Aggregates supply is the function of aggregate availability of labor and other resources in the given time period and the price levels for the production of those goods and services that provide the aggregate supply of those goods and services to the economy. Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve Supply side of performance of the economy is the main determinant of the aggregate supply of the economy. Short run aggregate supply depicts the productive capacity of the economy and the costs of production of each sector. There may be a shift in the aggregate supply cure and this can be caused by the following factors: Changes made in the supply size and quality of labor force that are available to the economy. Changes in size and quality of capita stock through investment. Technological progress and the impact of innovation. Changes in the productivity of factors à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ both labor and capital. Changes in the wage costs per unit .i.e. wage costs per unit of output. Changes in producer taxes and subsidies. Changes occurring to the inflation expectations. Arise in inflation expectations are likely to boost wage levels and in affect cause the aggregate supply curve towards the inwards shift. Long Run Aggregate Supply Long run aggregate supply is determined by the productive resources available to meet demand and by the estimated productivity of factor inputs that are Land, Labor and capital. There is a clear distinction between the short run and long run aggregate supply cures. In the short run aggregate supply curve is dependent on the price levels for a particular output and therefore increase in price levels affects the supply of goods and services in the economy whereas it is not true for long term aggregate supply as they are thought to be independent of price levels in the long term. The productive potential of the economy in the long run is mostly driven by the improvements to be made in the productivity levels and by the expansion of the available factor inputs. Expansion of the available factor inputs can be made through the realization of more firms, a bigger and much better capital stock and an increase in the number of skilled labor force etc. due to these reasons long run aggregate supply curve is made vertical on the graphs. The classical model of economics defines the aggregate supply curve as being a vertical line at the full employment level of real production. The early Keynesian view describes the aggregate supply curve to be a parallel curve to the horizontal axis .i.e. a horizontal curve. It shows that the price level will remain same over the time period and the firms will have to manage their supply according to the available price level prevailing in the economy. The newer Keynesian view describes the aggregate supply curve in the two aspects .i.e. fixed money wage and variable money wage. According to the newer Keynesian view aggregate supply curve is the upward slopping curve at different wage levels for the economy. The supply side school of thought in the economics define the aggregate supply of the economy based on the fact that the aggregate supply is affected by the quality of labor and that the much higher prices are paid to the more skilled labor as compared to the less skilled or unskilled labor.

The Negative Effects of the Fashion Industry on Eating Disorders

ENG 150 18 October 2012 The Negative Effects of the Fashion Industry on Eating Disorders While it’s fashion week in London, the size â€Å"zero† models start to prepare for the big show by purging to be as thin as possible. Most models starve themselves in order to achieve the â€Å"waif†, stick-thin figure; it becomes so addictive, almost like second nature that it further leads to serious eating disorders. From recent studies, today’s model weighs about 23% less than the normal woman. Clearly, most models do not depict the average woman. Men and women all over the world follow the influences that the fashion industry provides.They believe that the fashion industry depicts on what society should be acknowledged as, picture-perfect thin. Most models look like they had descended from heaven, but in reality they live in a sad world where body image is what is considered beautiful and they would do just about anything to achieve it. Society is also taking a n ose dive into this self-deprecating environment, where it is definitely not healthy for a person to develop and thrive. As Naomi Hooke, anorexia survivor, acknowledges, â€Å"Anorexia has often been perceived as a quest for model-like beauty . . many anorexics detest their bodies,† she then further goes into detail how this industry became her downfall (3). These waifish models on the runway cause major damage in the well-being of many, as well as their own; they create body image complexes that haunt women forever. Yes, the fashion industry is well known for the classic thin models, although in the 1950’s models symbolized the beauty of the average woman, full figured and all, but today’s models should not depict to an individual on what they should be perceived to look like, yet it happens every day.When a victim of eating disorders views a model, they think, â€Å"Why am I so fat? Why don’t I look like her? What do I need to do to look like that? â₠¬  The confidence and the self-worth of these victims start to fall short, although some begin to find solutions to their problems. According to Paul Casciato, of Reuters. com, almost 9 out of 10 teenage girls said they feel pressured to be skinny by the fashion industry and media. A large contributing factor to this problem is that many people in the fashion world encourage the use of overly thin models in editorials and fashion shows.For example, as Kathryn Shattuck, What's On Today: [The Arts/Cultural Desk], mentions that Kelly Cutrone, world renowned fashion publicist, encourages, â€Å"Clothes look better on thin people. The fabric hangs better† (1). The fashion industry’s emphasis on being thin and its use of extremely underweight models in unacceptable. Many people would agree that the fashion industry plays the majority role in eating disorders, but Lisa Hilton, British Vogue writer, disagrees. Hilton argues, â€Å"Its objective is selling clothes, and the co nsensus remains that in order to achieve this, models need to be thin . . Fashion is about fantasy, about impossibility, about, dare we say it, art. Most women can’t tell the difference† (1). Hilton condescendingly continues to refute the criticisms that models are too thin and the fashion industry encourages eating disorders. More recently, Sports Illustrated model, Kate Upton whom is a size 4, is now considered a plus size model and deemed to be â€Å"too curvy†. In the United States the â€Å"normal† sized woman is between the size of 6 and 10. Most of us do not understand why some put themselves through so much anguish to satisfy these body image complexes.Back in the 1950’s, models were absolutely glamorous, they were healthy and had meat on their bones. The average height of a model is 5’10† and weighs approximately 120 pounds whereas the average women with a height of 5’10† weigh about 145 pounds. This is a significa nt and disturbing difference. As Hooke emphasizes, â€Å"Sufferers are often presumed to pore over the pages of glossy magazines and starve themselves in their aspirations to become glamorous, thinner-than-thin sex goddesses,† she then concludes how the industry destroyed her life.Women give in and fall into temptation, but why? These â€Å"normal† women are beautiful they way they are, but in fashion terms, they are considered morbidly obese in comparison. As Holly Brubach, New York Times Magazine journalist, argues, Models starve themselves the way football players take steroids, jeopardizing their health and longevity for celebrity and wealth. More surprising, perhaps, and certainly no less alarming, is it the realization that dieting as become so commonplace that the skeletons on the catwalk simply strike us as more expert than the rest of us (1). As Brucach further describes how the fashion industry and their models compel everyday women to give up meals, she also observes that the Internet provides sufferers starvation tips. Commonly called promote anorexia, or â€Å"pro anas†. There are many blogs and forums that pro anas flock to for tips. One teenage girl professed, â€Å"Splurged and had 7 grapes, I can’t believe it. I cannot eat tomorrow.Please send skinny thoughts my way! † Another pro ana, calls herself MelancholyMiss states in forum Lard Ass Rant Time, â€Å"Starting to feel that swimmy feeling in my head again . . . I'm trying to tell myself I need to eat a little something so I can have some energy. No, my hard work won’t go to waste. I’m spinning, spinning down into the depths of self loathing, misery, isolation. † What these women go through on a day to day basis is just horrendous. It’s truly sickening. What drives these sufferers is beyond most.Isabelle Caro, a French model and actress who became the international face of anorexia when she allowed her ravaged body to be photogra phed nude for an Italian advertising campaign to raise awareness about the disease. Italian fashion label, Nolita, had photographed Caro at 26 years old weighing only 59 pounds. When Caro was featured on an episode of Taboo on the National Geographic channel, she claimed that she tried getting help but in her line of work, it was not possible and that if she gained weight she would lose her job.Neil Katz of CBS News, describes the billboard as, â€Å"[Her] face was emaciated, her arms and legs mere sticks, her teeth seemingly too large for her mouth† (2). In Katz’ article, Caro confirms, â€Å"I decided to do it to warn girls about the danger of diets and of fashion commandments† (1). In 2006, she reached the weight of 52 pounds. She sank into a coma and after months of extensive care she reached weight of 93 pounds. Although the major effort put into changing her life around, she was still remained in crucial health.Her body could not handle the major back and forth transformation that her body failed and died. She died at only 28. In her memoir, The Little Girl Who Didn’t Want to Get Fat, her dying wish was to raise attention and eliminate anorexia and other eating disorders. There are numerous ways to change the fashion industry’s negative reputation. The Council of Fashion Designers of America has created the CDFA initiative, which is implementing certain designers and magazines to fix said problem.The CFDA’s ideas include offering models that have been identified as having an eating disorder to seek professional help and not be able to work without a medical consent. Other ideal solutions include supplying healthy foods during photo shoots and shows; also educate models about eating disorders. Although, these solutions seem ideal, but won’t become obsolete. There must be harsher regulations where healthy women, of certain weight requirements, can become models. This industry must defend its reputation and e nd the horrible habit of girls starving themselves to look like unrealistic and photo-shopped

Substance Abuse Treatment Instead of Incarceration Essay

Across the United States and throughout the world there is an epidemic of epic proportion involving drug addiction. Here in North Carolina the majority of the Department of Corrections inmate population is known to have substance abuse problems. (Price, 62) Along with this epidemic is the growing problem of prison overcrowding. There is a correlation between the two. Many of today’s correctional facilities house inmates that have committed drug related crimes or crimes that they committed while under the influence. There is a solution that would help society and lessen the overcrowding of the penal system. The solution is to help those that are committing crimes because of an addiction disorder. There is viable evidence that this solution†¦show more content†¦There are also biological and genetic propensities for addiction such as genes that have been identified as taking part in the addiction process like some genes have been found to make a person more susceptible t o a disease. Treatment is needed for this disease like any other disease. Sometimes medication to reduce the harm, like the AIDs cocktail or methadone treatment, is meted out to offset the disease. Healing other mental issues and behavioral changes can be beneficial also. The definition of addiction is the continuing, compulsive use of a substance despite negative physical, mental or societal consequences of the substance. (Drug addiction and drug abuse, 1) To be psychologically dependent upon a substance is to feel the need to have the substance to maintain the feeling of well being. (Drug addiction and drug abuse, 1) Physical need is determined by tolerance levels for the substance. There would be a need for increase in dosage to achieve the same feeling. (Drug addiction and drug abuse, 1) Addiction causes changes in the chemical makeup of the brain itself. Once the chemicals from the substance are introduced past the blood brain barrier the chemical reactions are changed. The ne urons and neurotransmitters function a differently. Survival instincts that are the responsibility of the deeper recesses of the brain are changed. Cancer cells are changed by chemicals or radiation so too areShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Use And Incarceration894 Words   |  4 PagesUnited State s long and complex history of substance use and incarceration. Some could make a strong argument that our country s battle against substance use has been a misguided, ill conceived, expensive, and discriminatory attempt which produced inauspicious results. The War on Drugs and Deinstitutionalization are two such attempts. This paper will analyze how these policy blunders have formed a strong association between substance use and incarceration, how current practice and research is attemptedRead MoreSubstance Abuse Treatment and Proposition 361208 Words   |  5 Pagessystem incarcerating offenders who have substance abuse related issues instead of providing a way for treatment o r rehabilitation outside of incarceration. Through public policies regarding criminal justice interventions that address drug use and crime, an initiative was created to provide treatment services as a diversion to incarceration. The Diversion-to-Treatment Law that was created in California is called Proposition 36 also known as the â€Å"Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA) of 2000†Read MoreLiterature Review On Recidivism854 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Correctional Treatment: An Effective Model for Change This particular study uses the therapeutic community theory model (TC) of treatment to reduce recidivism. 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Instead, they caused tremendous psychological abuse to not only the children being forced to leave their homes, but also to their guardians. After this traumatic event, many aboriginal people resorted to substance abuse in order to cope with their experience in these schools. One study reported â€Å"82 percent of individuals were involved in substance abuse behaviors after attending residential schools.â €  (Chansonneuve, 2007, p.22)Read MoreHistory Of The South Carolina Department Of Corrections1301 Words   |  6 Pagesjob skills, obtain their GED, earn vocational certificates, receive substance abuse treatment, learn about how crimes affect victims and even assist in teaching youths about life in prison.† The Division of Programs and Services are broken into nine main subdivisions: crime prevention, inmate services, volunteers, the Palmetto Unified School District, the Division of Industries, shock incarceration, behavioral and substance abuse, and YOPRS intensive supervision. These main subdivisions are further

Meaning of Majime in Japanese

Majime is a Japanese word meaning seriousness or soberness. Learn more about its pronunciation and usage in the Japanese language below. Pronunciation Click here to listen to the audio file. Meaning seriousness; gravity; soberness JapaneseCharacters çÅ"Ÿé  ¢Ã§â€º ® 㠁 ¾Ã£ ËœÃ£â€š  Example Translation Kanojo wa itsumo monogoto o majime ni toru.Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ§â€° ©Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§Å"Ÿé  ¢Ã§â€º ®Ã£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š or in English: She always takes things seriously. Antonym fumajime ä ¸ Ã§Å"Ÿé  ¢Ã§â€º ®