Improving The Assembly Line System Of Work - 1518 Words

In the early stages of manufacturing quality and cost went hand-in-hand, if one went down so did the other but now quality is maintained at an excellent standard and cost is going down; engineers are racing to the bottom in price. This is achieved by the engineers that have created a system of work that is the assembly line, allowing for more affordability and profitable, and leading to innovation. By implementing the assembly line system of work, it requires simple tasks to be accomplished by multiple people at a constant pace, which results in cost efficient production. This system allows more product to be produced in a smaller period of time to meet the demand of the people, as the price is cheaper. However, profit is not changed†¦show more content†¦At first companies knew that the products they were producing were expensive, which would be limited to only the handful of rich people. Engineers began by hiring more less educated people at lower wages, instead of having less high educated people at high wages doing simple tasks. However, this is not the only way, by moving the product through the company instead of the person via a conveyer would increase efficiency. Also companies eventually realized that foreigners would do these jobs at less wage because either the person did not know or the person was trying to create a better future. Once countries began implementing currency exchange, manufacturing could be moved to anywhere in the world and cost to produce would decrease and the number of people looking to purchase the product would increase. Ford began manufacturing almost all over the world and manufacturing in foreign countries is cheaper than North America plus it creates a larger purchasing group. The assembly line essentially moved the product along a conveyer belt at a consistent pace. The workers have to make their modifications to the product and place it back for the next person to make their modification, so on and so forth. The s peed of the conveyer belt could be increased and decreased, so workers would work at optimal pace, as they would have to repeat their modification for 12 hours a day. Once workers at the Ford factories grew impatient with repeating the same task, they

History of Spandex Free Essays

The development of spandex was started during World War II. At this time, chemists took on the challenge of developing synthetic replacements for rubber. Two primary motivating factors prompted their research. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Spandex or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, the war effort required most of the available rubber for building equipment. Second, the price of rubber was unstable and it fluctuated frequently. Developing an alternative to rubber could solve both of these problems. At first, their goal was to develop a durable elastic strand based on synthetic polymers.In 1940, the first polyurethane elastomers were produced. These polymers produced millable gums, which were an adequate alternative to rubber. Around the same time, scientists at Du Pont produced the first nylon polymers. These early nylon polymers were stiff and rigid, so efforts were begun to make them more elastic. When scientists found that other polyurethanes could be made into fine threads, they decided that these materials might be useful in making more stretchable nylons or in making lightweight garments. The first spandex fibers were produced on an experimental level by one of the early pioneers in polymer chemistry, Farbenfabriken Bayer. He earned a German patent for his synthesis in 1952. The final development of the fibers were worked out independently by scientists at Du Pont and the U. S. Rubber Company. Du Pont used the brand name Lycra and began full scale manufacture in 1962. They are currently the world leader in the production of spandex fibers. Raw Materials A variety of raw materials are used to produce stretchable spandex fibers.This includes prepolymers which produce the backbone of the fiber, stabilizers which protect the integrity of the polymer, and colorants. Two types of prepolymers are reacted to produce the spandex fiber polymer back-bone. One is a flexible macroglycol while the other is a stiff diisocyanate. The macro-glycol can be a polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, polycaprolactone or some combination of these. These are long chain polymers, which have hydroxyl groups (-OH) on both ends. The important feature of these molecules is that they are long and flexible. This part of the spandex fiber is responsible for its stretching characteristic. The other prepolymer used to produce spandex is a polymeric diisocyanate. This is a shorter chain polymer, which has an isocyanate (-NCO) group on both ends. The principal characteristic of this molecule is its rigidity. In the fiber, this molecule provides strength. [pic] Corset designed by Jacob Kindliman of New York City in 1890. (From the collections of Henry Ford Museum Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan. ) This corset-clad torso was produced by Jacob Kindliman of New York City in 1890.Kindliman, a corsetiere, hardly needed to advertise. At that time, women thought it was necessary to wear a corset and considered themselves indecently dressed without it until early in the twentieth century. Corsets were a combination brassiere-girdle-waist cincher in an all-in-one garment, forming the foundation shape for fashionable dress. In days before spandex, how did the corset contour the body effectively? In the eighteenth century, thick quilting and stout seams on the corset shaped the body when the garment was tightly laced.In the early nineteenth century, baleen, a bony but bendable substance from the mouth of the baleen whale, was sewn into seams of the corset (hence the term whalebone corsets), however the late 1800s corsets like this were stiffened with small, thin strips of steel covered with fabric. Such steel-clad corsets did not permit movement or comfort. By World War I, American women began separating parts of the corset into two garments—the girdle (waist and hip shaper) and bandeau (softer band used to support and shape the breasts). Nancy EV Bryk When the two types of prepolymers are mixed together, they interact to form the spandex fibers.In this reaction, the hydroxyl [pic] Dry-spinning process. groups (-OH) on the macroglycols react with the isocyanates. Each molecule gets added on to the end of another molecule, and a long chain polymer is formed. This is known as a step-growth or addition polymerization. To initiate this reaction, a catalyst such as diazobicyclo[2. 2. 2]octane must be used. Other low molecular weight amines are added to control the molecular weight of the fibers. Spandex fibers are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources including heat, light atmospheric contaminants, and chlorine.For this reason, stabilizers are added to protect the fibers. Antioxidants are one type of stabilizer. Various antioxidants are added to the fibers, including monomeric and polymeric hindered phenols. To protect against light degradation, ultraviolet (UV) screeners such as hydroxybenzotriazoles are added. Compounds which inhibit fiber discoloration caused by atmospheric pollutants are another type of stabilizer added. These are typically compounds with tertiary amine functionality, which can interact with the oxides of nitrogen in air pollution.Since spandex is often used for swimwear, antimildew [pic] Wet-spinning process. additives must also be added. All of the stabilizers that are added to the spandex fibers are designed to be resistant to solvent exposure since this could have a damaging effect on the fiber. When they are first produced, spandex fibers are white. Therefore, colorants are added to improve their aesthetic appearance. Dispersed and acid dyes are typically used. If the spandex fibers are interwoven with other fibers such as nylon or polyester, special dying methods are required. How to cite History of Spandex, Papers

ABSTRACT POTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN BRITISH LITERATURE Essay Example For Students

ABSTRACT: POTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN BRITISH LITERATURE Essay POST 1960Readers see some significant changes in portrayal of women in British Literature over the years in. While the saying Art imitates life, stand true on its own, there are also some female characters that represent a sense of vision by the authors themselves. This vision could be of the society changing itself to foster a rather emancipated woman in control of her life, or that of the integrity of a personal character that brings about a change in how the society accepts and perceive a woman. The topic of my paper is resounding of these thoughts and throws some light on how the role of the women changed after the Post World war Literature and how we can characterize those changes. To further elucidate my points, I will be taking examples from the characters of The Beautiful Launderette in this abstract. However, in my paper, I will be citing characters from various British works published after 1960s. The women in British Literature after 1960 are portrayed as characters that are very well aware of their sexuality and how that can give them a power of position in the society. The characters of Tania and Rachel are a precise example of this as they use this as tools to gain attention of males, who are still in a dominant position. The role of the women is only made powerful according to the dominant players (the male counterpart) of the story. This can be elucidated by the fact that since Rachel is far more important to Naseer; her say in the screenplay is more than that o f Bilquis. The sexualization of system as a woman (squeezing the tits of the system) shows the objectification of female body hinting to the female presence in the Government. Other themes like that of the opinionated women and removal of women from a damsel in distress scenario to someone who can take charge of her life , negating, or at least reducing the dependency on male figure are explored in the paper. ETEE DUBEYENGLISH HONS. 3 YEAR